About 80% of south africa s population is dependent on groundwater and if it is contaminated, it becomes a potential killer to communities. Kenya, groundwater governance case study vi preface groundwater comprises 97 percent of the worlds readily accessible freshwater and provides the rural, urban, industrial and irrigation water supply needs of 2 billion people around the world. A more detailed breakdown of the sectoral use of groundwater in the major surface water. Groundwater will normally look clear and clean because the ground naturally filters out particulate matter. Assessment of groundwater pollution using geophysical norms. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.
Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources, but exploitation of these resources has led to extreme pollution of the environment. The reason for this report on groundwater governance in subsaharan africa arises out of the necessity to examine, at various scales, existing cases of groundwater regulation and management so that policy discussions, effective solutions, and mitigation measures to the groundwater crisis may be found. Pdf on jan 1, 2006, brent herbert usher and others published groundwater pollution in africa find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Effluent from waste water treatment plants may also contain pollutants from industries which discharge their waste to the sewers. State of nitrate pollution in groundwater in south africa. Hosting this global megaevent provided several key opportunities for south africa. Groundwater provides about 45% of global domestic water demands and 75% of africas. Principles and problems of environmental pollution of. Groundwater is the preferred source for piped water supplies in many urban areas across subsaharanafrica and its development is forecast to increase dramatically in an attempt to improve urban water supply coverage. Assessment of groundwater pollution using geophysical norms and gis as a tool, a case study of part of ikeja, lagos state, nigeria, west africa the study area is located within the western part of nigeria, a zone of coastal creek and lagoon elueze, et al, 2004. Click download or read online button to get soil and groundwater pollution book now. Additional information on the alternative methods is provided in gogu and dassargues 2000. Africa groundwater atlas hydrogeology by country hydrogeology of tanzania this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionsharealike 3.
Ground water and surface water are interconnected and can be fully. This is done against the backdrop of its current status, trend and identification of factors influencing the quality of urban groundwater and. In recent years, extracting groundwater in many areas has become more difficult because of overexploitation. The groundwater in many of africa s most crowded regions lies close to the surface, making it vulnerable to pollution, a new study shows. Plastic waste pollution, aggravated by inefficient waste collection and limited recycling capabilities, is prevalent across africa. Urban groundwater quality in subsaharan africa future climate. This type of water pollution can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than pollution. Groundwater protection in europe european commission. Groundwater pollution, from pollutants released to the ground that can work their way down into groundwater, can create a contaminant plume within an aquifer. As with surface water pollution, there is a large natural variability in the generation and fate of groundwater nps pollution.
We estimated vulnerability and pollution risk of groundwater at the panafrican scale. Firstly, it challenged all planners and builders of the stadiums and other key infrastructure to showcase their ability to improve designs. Assessment of groundwater pollution using geophysical norms and gis as a tool, a case study of part of ikeja, lagos state, nigeria, west africa. Environment pollution is a widereaching problem and it is likely to influence the health of human populations is great. Population growth and urbanization due to developments have also contributed immensely to the current pollution in africa. The category 2 regional groundwater education, a training and research centre for east africa in nairobi, was also established in 20 focusing on groundwater resources management and policy incorporating the mapping and. Ppt groundwater pollution powerpoint presentation free. Pdf urban groundwater management and protection in sub. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. As groundwater flows through the ground, metals such as iron and manganese are dissolved and may later be found in high concentrations in the water. The principles and problems of environmental pollution and contamination are outlined.
Groundwater pollution risk is determined both by the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer and the existence of potentially polluting activities at the soil surface. Environmental impact of leachate pollution on groundwater. Groundwater resources are important sources of drinking water in. Soils and groundwater remediation explores the toxic levels of metals, radionuclides, inorganics, and anthropogenic organic compounds found in the soils and groundwater of asia, africa and oceania. Issues of groundwater pollution in africa request pdf. Groundwater pollution in africa 1st edition yongxin xu brent u. G roundwater quality comprises the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of ground water. While this is not surprising, very little attention has been paid to the problem. In africa, groundwater is the major source of drinking water and its use for irrigation is forecast to increase substantially to combat growing food insecurity. Pollution of groundwater due to industrial effluents and municipal waste in water bodies is another major concern in many cities and industrial clusters in india. According to various surveys in india and africa, 2050% of wells contain nitrate. Studies have shown that nigeria urban groundwater quality is influenced by the geology and geochemistry of the environment, rate of urbanization, industrialization, landfilldumpsite leachates, heavy metals, bacteriological pollution, and effect of seasons.
Urban pollution may also affect both surface waters as well as groundwater particularly where on site sanitation systems are used. However, the continent also has a growing, youthful population that values improving the quality of life and readily adopts technologies toward this end 1 1. This makes africa especially suitable as a testbed to investigate the. The problems of pollution contamination are widespread in developed countries but are gradually spreading from the urban to rural areas in the developing countries. Many of the major cities of europe are, therefore, dependent on ground water. Quantitative maps of groundwater resources in africa. Aug 28, 2018 oil spills and other contaminant leaks are a source of groundwater pollution. Ground water and surface water are interconnected and can be fully understood and intelligently managed only when that fact is acknowledged. Africa groundwater atlas and literature archive british. The rainy season promotes the transport of toxic waste in the groundwater and the surrounding creeks. Characterization of diffuse pollution of shallow groundwater in the harare urban area. Traffic emissions, transported dust and open burning are all significant contributors to air pollution in africa. Many of the major cities of europe are, therefore, dependent on groundwater. Despite this, there is little quantitative information on groundwater resources in africa, and groundwater storage is consequently omitted from assessments of freshwater availability.
Pdf download geochemistry groundwater and pollution free. Emphasis is given to case examples from developing countries of africa. Temperature, turbidity, color, taste, and odor make up the list of physi. Typical problems of groundwater pollution are listed in tab. Groundwater based urbani ndustrial planning to conserve and protect groundwater resources 0 0 compensation for groundwater protection rela ted to constraints on landuse activities 0 0 public participation in groundwater m anagement effective in control of exploitation and pollution 1 1. Many water quality studies conducted in south africa revealed that this problem contributes to the pollution of. To begin to address pollution prevention or remediation, we must understand how surface waters and ground waters interrelate. When ground water becomes contaminated, it is difficult and expensive to clean up. Abstract gis and electrical resistivity method of geophysical methods has been combined for. Groundwater is the water present beneath earths surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. For many millions more, particularly in subsaharan africa, who do not as yet have any form of improved supply, untreated.
In africa and asia, most of the largest cities use surface water, but many millions of people in the rural areas are dependent on groundwater. This text provides an uptodate description of the relationship between pollution, recharge and vulnerability set against the current groundwater protection policies of the uk and ireland. Assessment of groundwater pollution using geophysical. Groundwater use to put the quantification of groundwater resources into perspective, a brief discussion on its use in south africa is given. Request pdf on oct 4, 2006, y xu and others published issues of groundwater pollution in africa find, read and cite all the research you need on. Protecting groundwater for health provides a structured approach to analysing hazards to groundwater quality, assessing the risk they may cause for a specific supply, setting priorities in addressing these, and developing management strategies for their. For many millions more, particularly in subsaharan africa, who do not as yet have any form of improved supply, untreated groundwater supplies from protected wells with handpumps are likely to be their best. Groundwater quality and groundwater pollution thomas harteris uc cooperative extension hydrogeology specialist, university of california, davis, and kearney agricultural center. Pdf on jan 1, 2006, brent herbert usher and others published groundwater pollution in africa find, read and cite all the research you need. The africa groundwater literature archive will provide online access to many sources of grey literature which may be hard or impossible to obtain from anywhere else. Groundwater quality in cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution. In places where groundwater is readily available and of good quality, it can be a reliable resource.
Groundwater pollution in africa by yongxin xu overdrive. Download pdf groundwater pollution free online new books. Mapping the groundwater vulnerability for pollution at the. Groundwater is widely but variably used across the whole of the country. Groundwater pollution and emerging environmental challenges of industrial effluent irrigation in mettupalayam taluk, tamil nadu. Africas groundwater pollution problem infrastructure news. If there is a water supply well near a source of contamination, that well. An international working group concerned with aspects of environmental pollution due to lowcost sanitation proposed in 1980 that rigorous long term studies. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. Nitrate pollution of groundwater in southern africa.
Policy and strategy for groundwater quality management in. Groundwater pollution also called groundwater contamination occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way down into groundwater. The africa groundwater atlas will be an online resource providing a systematic summary of groundwater resources in each african country. How much groundwater does south africa have version2. Achieving water security for africa presents a challenge, particularly given the increasing. State of nitrate pollution in groundwater in south africa a maherry, g tredoux, s clarke and p engelbrecht csir natural resources and the environment, po box 395, pretoria, 0001, south africa email. Soil and groundwater pollution download ebook pdf, epub. Agriculture is also cited as a leading cause of groundwater pollution in the united states. Section 5 approaches to pollution source management pdf, 1.
This study illustrates examples of water quality problems to vulnerable communities in limpopo province of south africa and management practices and strategies. Groundwater pollution in africa 1st edition yongxin xu. Policy and strategy for groundwater quality management in south africa, first edition 2000 iii preface with the coming of the reconstruction and development programme, groundwater has been accorded a completely new importance in south africa. Groundwater contamination can occur, as a result of various activities of man increased human settlement and economic development, a range of undesirable waste products are produced this project. Pollution can occur from landfills, naturally occurring arsenic, onsite sanitation systems or other point sources, such as petrol stations with leaking underground storage tanks, or. Surface water and groundwater quality in south africa and. Groundwater, as the name suggests, is water found underneath the surface of the earth. Principles and problems of environmental pollution of groundwater. What are the major sources of groundwater contamination. In 1992, fully fortynine of fifty states identified that nitrate was the principal groundwater contaminant, followed closely by the pesticide category table 4.
Groundwater pollution is a serious problem throughout the african continent. Agency for international development, under the terms of award aid263io0005. Indeed, throughout the world, local groundwater resources are the preferred domestic water supply. A 1995 survey undertaken by central pollution control board identified 22 sites in 16 states of india as critical for groundwater pollution, the primary cause being industrial effluents. Groundwater pollution in africa in searchworks catalog. The water from rainfall, lakes, rivers, and streams seeps through the porous ground to reach the water table. To what extent this pollution has affected the water wells in the area is unknown and hence needed to be determined. Groundwater protection in europe groundwater constitutes the largest reservoir of freshwater in the world, accounting for over 97% of all freshwaters available on earth excluding glaciers and ice caps.
Fluoride, iron, and manganese are widely detected in groundwater 21. Groundwaters contribution to water security in africa upgro. But, natural and humaninduced chemicals can be found in groundwater. The objective of the study therefore was to assess the effect of landfill pollution on groundwater quality in akure, nigeria. Since 2002, the chemicals used in gold mining in mali, including cyanide, have been found in the water in neighbouring senegal.
Nitrate pollution of groundwater in southern africa 15 g. Soil and groundwater pollution from agricultural activities. Mar 31, 2017 title groundwater pollution risk in africa 2016 abstract. Groundwater storage in africa is extensive, and acts as a natural buffer against climate variability. Geochemistry groundwater and pollution book also available for read online, mobi, docx and mobile and kindle reading.
In addition, the water quality of groundwater is becoming a major concern 2, 26. We have defined urban pollution as the impacts from all 4 of these waste streams. The remaining 3% is composed mainly of surface water lakes, rivers, wetlands and soil moisture. Request pdf on oct 4, 2006, y xu and others published issues of groundwater pollution in africa find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. This paper provides the insight view about the affects of environment pollution in the perspective of air pollution, water and land soil waste pollution on human by diseases and problems, animals and trees plants.
Emphasis is given to case examples from developing countries of africa, asia, and latin america with a comparative analysis to developed countries. Information on this threat to africa s future is therefore not readily available. The project addressed the issue of aquifer vulnerability and the protection of groundwater quality. Groundwater quality in cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution 47. The scarce water resources in the province are under threat due to extensive pollution. We therefore compiled the most recent continental scale information on soil, land use, geology, hydrogeology and climate in a geographical information system gis at a resolution of 15 km. Characterization of diffuse pollution of shallow groundwater in the harare urban area, zimbabwe. Download geochemistry groundwater and pollution in pdf and epub formats for free. It is also important that groundwater is protected from pollution due to the difficult and costly nature of remediation projects schmoll 2006. Department of earth sciences, university of the western cape, bellville, south africa. Water quality problems and management in rural areas of.
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